参考資料
参考資料(1)：ハワイ APCSS における川村純彦氏の特別講義
ハワイでの講義は、1999年11月17日にマニラでの講演を下敷きにして行われた。以下はマニラでの講演内容。
Rear Admiral Sumihiko Kawamura's Remarks for The International Conference on System Compliance:
Maritime Transit Issues Revisited
November 17, 1999
Manila
1. disruptions due to maritime accidents or disasters at sea
2. damage due to piracy
3. disruptions to the maritime system
4. disruptions due to regional conflict
5. unilateral declaration restricting specific waterways
6. intentional obstruction to deny use of sea lanes1
Today, the international society looks to the oceans to meet two sets of requirements: they function as highways for the shipment of goods (sea lanes), and they offer an abundance of natural resources. In recent years, in conjunction with the scale economies among the nations in the Asia-Pacific, the extent of interdependence within the region has deepened. On the other hand, competition for securing maritime rights with the goal of ensuring profits increasingly poses a real threat. As we look ahead, we see that sea lane stability is not necessarily guaranteed.
Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs) can function as a vast transportation network for shipping with relative ease so long as terminals and vital international sea routes are maintained. But at the same time, these SLOCs remain very fragile and prone to external disruption.
Dominant factors that may obstruct the free use of SLOCs may be divided into six general categories:
Incidents of disasters and accidents at sea can hinder the use of sea lanes both directly and indirectly, especially when occurring in the vicinity of parts and choke points utilized by large volumes of maritime traffic. Should such hindrance continue into the long-term, it will create a significant impact on the trade system. Further, beyond the range of coastal surveillance, armed pirate raids, and plunder at will, we cannot ignore their victims.
Should a conflict erupt in a restricted area, third-nation shipping also suffers major restrictions on its freedom of navigation within the surrounding waters. As seen in the Iran-Iraq War, third-nation tankers became entangled in the conflict. The conflict brought tanker traffic to a standstill for a long period of time, and even led to damage to ships, injury to crews, and environmental destruction as a result of crude oil leaked from damaged tankers. The impact on sea lanes due to such conflict-related disruption is dramatic, especially in waters characterized by complex traffic patterns.
1 山本誠が提唱した6分類。この冊子の「シーレー原論」あるいは、http://www.glocomnet.or.jp/okazaki-inst/ の山本論文(英語)参照。
