human failures is the reality that accidents are rare events which
under normal circumstances cannot be compared with each other since each accident usually
occurs in a different situative context.
From investigation reports we know that even in - on the first view
similar casualties - the conditions of each casualty were very different, indeed. But we
do not know anything at all about the influence of the different conditions on human
behaviour and human reliability.
In the attempt to research and understand the causes for and the
conditions under which a human error occurs the use of simulators, close to reality, will
offer a possibility to cope with the problem of systematical variation of the conditions
involved.
This will allow us to find answers to a number of questions such as:
- Do different watchkeeping conditions have an impact on human
behaviour?
- What kind of human behaviour might lead to an accident?
- Has the experience of the navigator an influence on the occurrence of
faulty actions?
- Which management systems are likely to reduce the risk of human
failure?
- Under which conditions do error chains occur?
- What can be done to brake an error chain?
- Which influence have internal (e.g. monotony, vigilance, stress,
isolation, lack of motivation) and/or external (e.g. climate, vibration, weather, noise)
factors on human reliability?
4.2 Training Concepts
Until now in shipping the majority of simulator trainers design the
situations they are going to use during the simulator training by themselves on the basis
of their own experiences as master mariner or simulator trainer.
These scenarios are unquestionably useful when it is the intention of
exercise to train a certain task - but in case that the simulator training should also be
able to train a safety
