publications to assist personnel in this area. The World Maritime University MET course is designed to help train the trainers in pedagogical skills. IMO model courses 3.12 and 6.09 should not be overlooked either. On board training through distance learning methods, internet and satellite technology are one possible solution to meeting the onboard training and assessment needs (Muirhead, 1995a). In the medium term, the quality standards external evaluations will identify such shortcomings. In written documentation submitted to the Administration for approval of education and training programs and courses, details will have to be provided by institutions of instructor and assessor qualifications and experience and the specific teaching areas in which such experiences are being used. The Code requires that seafarer training and assessment be conducted, monitored, evaluated and supported by instructors, supervisors and assessors who are appropriately qualified for the particular types and levels of training or assessment, either on board or ashore. Trainers must be qualified in the task for which training is being conducted. How many institutions can honestly say that they meet these requirements fully?

Section A-I/6 of the Code is even more specific in relation to simulator training and assessment. There are three important elements here namely guidance in instructional techniques, practical simulator operational experience and practical assessment experience on the simulator. Consider also the new stringent mandatory requirements to be followed by simulator instructors and assessors in A-I/12 of the Code. How are institutions going to meet these needs? The following approaches may be necessary:

• Understudying at another simulator institution. Experienced IMLA simulator operators can greatly assist to raise standards.

• Learning on the job: What do you do if there is little or no experience available locally? Incorrect or inappropriate training techniques may result. What about assessment of competency?

　

Manufacturers' training programs: These normally focus on getting started to operate and maintain the system. Pedagogical aspects rarely get much attention.

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