Authors performed the experimental training according to the same training program both by onboard SMS and by training ship in order to asses the possibility and the effect of the training for cadets combined onboard simulator training and onboard training. From the results of the questionnaire to cadets and the scoring of ship-handling technique of cadets by instructors, following conclusions were obtained.

 The training method combined onboard simulator training and onboard training is effective to improve ship handling technique of cadets. Onboard SMS is useful for cadets to practice such elemental techniques for ship handling as planning, positioning, maneuvering. communication and management technique. Therefore, in training ship. it is recommended to use SMS for the verification of maneuvering plan and the advance practice of training.

　

Acknowledgements

 The authors would like to express their gratitude to Prof. Y. ARAI. Marine Technical College, and Dr. N.TAKAGI. Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine. for their useful suggestion that improved the presentation of the paper. and instructors of the training ship Seiun Maru for their all assistance to carry out the onboard experiment.

　

[1] KOBAYASHI. H., "Development of Ship Handling Technique into Elemental Techniques and Proposed of the Education/Training Method Utilizing a Ship Handling Simulator". The journal of Japan Institute of Navigation. Commemorative Issue of 50th Anniversary, 1998

[2] ARAI. Y. and FUJII. T., "The Utilities and Possibilities on the Ship Maneuvering Simulator Training", Navigation, No.127, Japan Institute of Navigation. 1996 (Japanese)

[3] MURATA. S. and KOBAYASHI. H., "Comparative Studies between the Onboard Training and the Simulator-used Training". Proceedings of International Navigation Simulator Lecturer's Conference 11^th, 2000

[4] ARAI. Y. et al. "Study on the Grading of the Bridge Simulator Training for the Deck Officer", Review of the Marine Technical College. No.40, 1997 (Japanese)

[5] KOBAYASHI. H. et al, "Proposal for Educational and Training Curricula Using Ship Handling Simulator", Journal of Japan Institute of Navigation. Vol.96, 1997 (Japanese)

　

　

　

1. Features

　

 This Compact-sized ship-maneuvering simulator is designed to be used as an educational training simulator. The size of this simulator is small to fit in the existing school room and function is almost the same as of full-sized ship maneuvering simulator. The purpose of this simulator is that the trainees can carry out nautical training exercises on land efficiently, instead of going out the sea.

 To achieve this purpose. this simulator is provided with the following characteristics.

 The operation method of this simulator is easy, so that the special operator will not be needed. Therefore, the trainee can use it himself at the time of their demand. Various training scenarios are supplied and the trainee can select it effectively, according to the educational curriculum, which matches trainee's ability. Thus. Compact-size simulator has advantages in systematic and repeated training more economically and safely.

　

2. Components of Simulator

　

 Components of this simulator are (1) Simulator section and (2) Instructor's section shown in Fig. 1.

　

　

(1) Simulator section

 The simulator is consisting of following three sub-sections.

 This simulator is designed that the all operations for training can be carried out by 'Auxiliary control panel fitted on the Simulator section. Therefore, the trainee can use this simulator by himself without trainer 's assistance.

(2) Instructor's section

 The instructor's section is consisting of instructor 's monitor. electronics chart generator and its monitor display, instructor 's control panel and other equipments. The function of instructor's section is as follows.

 The basic feature of compact-sized simulator is trainee's individual training as mentioned above. but it can be expanded to the team training by using the optional remote wheel stand. This remote wheel stand is a portable box type having the small wheel handle connecting to the simulation section by the connection cable.

 When using this remote wheel stand, the four (4) trainee's team training formation, composed the Captain, 1^st Officer (1/O), 3^rd Officer (3/O) and Quarter Master (Q/M), can be realized. The Figure 2 shows the arrangement of Trainees for both Single training (A) and Group training (B).

　

　

　

　

3. Mathematical model for maneuvering motion

　

 Ship's maneuvering motion is simulated base on the MMG type mathematical model, which describes the four-degrees of coupled motions as follows

　

　

 The terms on the right side with subscripts H,P,R mean hull force, propeller force, and rudder force. Subscripts 'Wind', 'Wave', 'Current' mean a wind force, wave drifting force and additional inertial force generated by current. In addition, six degree of ship motion by wave is added to the maneuvering motion to increase the reality.

 Among number of ship handling aspects, skill-full handling will be required in harbor. which includes departure. arrival and berthing operation under the complicated traffics and external disturbances. To simulate such maneuvering motion in harbor. special attention was paid for the expression of ruder, propeller and hull interaction at low speed. Fig.3 shows a classification of rudder force model under the various propeller operation and ship speed⁽¹⁾.

　

　

 The accuracy of simulation depends on how each hydrodynamic force can be calculated precisely. To attain a most precise simulation results for Seiun-Maru, hydrodynamic parameters included in hull, propeller and ruder models are derived from captive model tests (CMT) and open water tests. Wind and current force coefficient are also derived from wind tunnel test and captive model test with large drift angles.

 The accuracy of the mathematical model for Seiun-Maru was confirmed by the comparison of simulation with actual ship's trial results.

 As an example, comparison between simulated crash stop astern motion and trial results are shown in Fig,4. Although the time-history of ship's heading indicates some discrepancy between calculation and measurement, predicted stopping distance and change of ship speed shows a good agreement to each other. Comparison for accelerating turn motion is also shown in Fig.4. Simulated time-history for ship's heading and speed well coincide with trial results which leads to the conclusion that present simulation model can represent the ship's motion accurately.

 In addition to the Seiun-Maru. VLCC and Container ship can be selected as an own ship whose mathematical models were established by the same manner as Seiun-Maru. Three-target ship models are also prepared for this simulator, which are tabulated in Table 1.

　

　

　

4. Sea area Database

　

 The outside-view from trainees, which displays on the visual display unit, is as follows.

(1) Displayed image

(2) Characteristics

 For the sea area and displayed images, database prepared for Seiun-Maru is tabulated in Table 2.

　

　

Reference :

(1):SHOJI. K. et al. 'Hydrodynamic Forces and Rudder Interaction at Low Speed'. Proceedings of MARSIM90. 1990

　

 Hideo Yabuki. Professor. some 3O years of seafarers education and training experience onboard training ships (Diesel engine ships. Steam turbine ships and Sailing ships) as instructor and master.