Spread to a peak

　

Sporadic

　

Transmission

　

Etiological agent (causal agent)

　

Prevention

　

Chemoprophylaxis, antimicrobials

　

Climactic conditions

　

Contract・・・

　

Exposure

　

Serogroup・・・

　

Local Outbreak/Large Outbreak

　

Endemic situation/Pandemic

　

Epidemiology/Pathology

　

A. The primary means for prevention of sporadic meningococcal disease is antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis in the United States.

　

B. The causal agent (etiological agent) for meningococcal disease is neisseria menigitidis, serogroups A, B, and C.

　

C. The last epidemic, beginning in 1996, has resulted in 300,000 cases being reported to the World Health Organization. The most affected countries have been Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger.

　

C. Epidemics usually spread rapidly to a peak within weeks but may last for several months in the absence of vaccination. Polysaccharide vaccines are available against serogroups A, C, Y W135. A mass immunization campaign that reaches at least 80% of the population can halt an epidemic due to meningococcae of these serogroups.

　

D. Apart from epidemics, at least 1.2 million cases of bacterial meningitis are estimated to occur each year. 135,000 of them are fatal. The largest epidemics of menigococcal meningitis are experienced by sub-Saharan African countries within the so-called meningitis belt which extends from Ethiopia in the east to Senegal in the west. Epidemics occur in the dry season in this area. While the highest disease rates are found in young children, during epidemics older children teenagers and young adults are also affected.

　

　

Two articles - ADHD and Brain Shrinkage

　

Vocabulary

1. Physiological

hyperactivity

　

Ritalin.

Metabolic Abnormality

　

Premotor cortex

Superior prefrontal cortex.

　

Diagnostic Test

Regulate

　

Counseling

Special Education

Skeptics

　

Brain maturation

White matter

　

Fundamental developmental trajectories

　

Control

Variable

　

Insulation

Conductivity

Developmental trajectory

　

Volume

Progressively

Parallel

　

Neurobiological insult

Neurobiological abnormalities.

　

Frontal lobes

Temporal gray matter

Cerebellum