There may be instances in which their immediate promotion may be ineffective or counterproductive, or would yield in other important policy areas disastrous results far exceeding the dubious benefits of a frontal attack. In such cases, the direct attempts should be abandoned, but the other polity goals ought to be pursued in such a way as to maximize the chances for future progress in human rights."25
Our experience in the last several years suggests that this can be at the moment pursued through concerted effect using the United Nations mechanisms, mainly the Security Council. This does not excuse the individual nations from their responsibilities. The United Nations will never work without responsible and active cooperation of the Member States. But ways should be explored to respond more effectively in the initial phase of the crisis (as explored in the Brahimi Report), and how to coordinate the varieties of sanctions now possible under Chapter VII of the UN Security Council. There will always be irregularities and exceptions, probably related to the "big three" from the reasons I explained above. But in the long ran, they may also be more persuaded to see multilateral observation of human rights regime in accordance to their national interests.
Notes
1. Catherine Guicherd, "International Law and the War in Kosovo," Survival, Vol.41, No.2, Summer 1999, pp.19-34; Yasuaki Onuma, Jinken Kokka Bunmei, (Chikuma-Shobo, 1998).
2. Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy, (Princeton University Press, 1999), p.220.
3. Onuma, Jinken Kokka Bunmei.
4. Stephen Krasner, "Westphalia and All That," in Ideas and Foreign Policy.' Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change, ed. Judith Goldstein, and Robert O. Keohane, (Cornell University Press, 1993), p.235.
9. Stephen Krasner, "Compromising Westphalia," International Security, Vol.20, No.3, Winter 1995/96, pp.136-7; Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy, pp.36-7.
10. Krasner, "Compromising Westphalia," pp.150-1.
11. Stephen Krasner, International Regime (Cornell University Press, 1983).
12. Marc A. Levy, Oran R. Young, and Michael Zuern, "The Study of International Regimes," European Journal of International Relations, Vol.1, No.3 (September 1995), p.274).
13. Andrew Moravscik, "The Origins of Human Rights Regimes: Democratic Delegation in Postwar Europe," International Organization 54, 2, Spring 2000, p.220.
14. Ibid., p.244.
15. Kathryn Sikkink, "The Power of Principled Ideas: Human Rights Policies in the United States and Western Europe," in Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change, ed. Goldstein & Keohane, p.140.
16. Goldstein and Keohane, ed., Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change, p.22.
