The asterisked constants that follow are modified from the constants given in Millero and Poisson (1980) to permit the computation of specific volume anomaly δ. The modified constants necessary for specific volume anomaly computations are enclosed in brackets.

p (S, t, 0) = p_w + (b₀ + b₁t + b₂t² + b₃t³ + b₄t⁴) S + (c₀ + c₁t + c₂t²) S^3/2 + d₀S² (13)

b₀ = + 8.24493 E-1

b₁ = - 4.0899 E-3

b₂ = + 7.6438 E-5

b₃ = - 8.2467 E-7

b₄ = + 5.3875 E-9

c₀ = - 5.72466 E-3

c₁ = + 1.0227 E-4

c₂ = - 1.6546 E-6

d₀ = + 4.8314 E-4

The density of the reference pure water (SMOW, Craig, 1961) is given by (IUPAC, 1976)

p_w = a₀ + a₁t + a₂t² + a₃t³ + a₄t⁴ + a₅t⁵ (14)

where

a₀^* = + 999.842594 [-28.263737]

a₁ = + 6.793952 E-2

a₂ = - 9.095290 E-3

a₃ = + 1.001685 E-4

a₄ = - 1.120083 E-6

a₅ = + 6.536332 E-9

Should more reliable data for pure water become available in the future, this equation can be easily modified. The secant bulk modulus (K) of seawater is given by

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