Fig.8 Time variations of NO, NO2, O3, SO2, concentrations at Kobe City
5. FUTURE REGULATORY TRENDS REGARDING SHIP EMISSIONS
In California, SCR inclusive regulations have already been implemented, and regulations that would include FIPs have been proposed. Even by global standards these contain extremely stringent regulatory content regarding ships. It should be remembered however that special local conditions obtain in this area and are the background against which these regulations should be viewed: namely, that Los Angeles County has been designated an O3 ozone nonattainment areas classified as serious, and that these stringent regulations have been proposed as countermeasures and may be regarded as applying only to that area.
Even around Japan however, with its extensive harbor areas and low attainment percentages for NOx environmental standards, it can be expected that local regulations will make use of EPA FIPs and IMO regulatory proposals, and that proposals will be made so that businesses operating private piers will be subject to administrative guidance. In such situations, it is likely that reductions in NOx emissions in the pier area, including during loading and unloading, will be required. Meanwhile, though not referring to NOx emissions, an ordinance (see below) is in effect in the city of Kawasaki whereby businesses in the area that use ships for sending or receiving goods or raw materials must request that action be taken so that shipping companies use low sulfur fuel when operating in the city's harbor.
○ Kawasaki City Anti-Pollution and Environmental Protection Ordinance Enacted December 24, 1999
Section 3: On Decreasing Atmospheric Pollutant Emissions by Ships
Article 59: Businesses that use ships for sending or receiving goods or raw materials must request that action be taken so that shipping companies or those connected therewith use low sulfur fuel and decrease emissions of atmospheric pollutants.
(Guidelines for decreasing atmospheric pollutant emissions by ships)
Article 60: The mayor, in order to assist in efforts to decrease atmospheric pollutant emissions by ships, will establish guidelines to such effect, will make these guidelines public, and will take action and give advice as necessary to make these efforts successful.
6. TECHNOLOGIES FOR REDUCTION OF AIR POLLUTANTS TO COMPLY WITH FUTURE REGIONAL REGULATIONS.
This section will deal with domestic and international trends regarding NOx regulations as well as measures being taken by Japan to reduce NOx emissions.
In order to comply with the NOx emissions ratio (g/kWh) required by IMO 1st stage regulations, it is thought that combustion improvement technology centering on timing retard will be sufficient, and practical applications of this technology for two and four cycle engines are almost complete. This is expected to produce equal ratios of decrease, from starting points before application of the technology, for the four measurement points stipulated in the IMO Technical Code (for each of the four engine loads, post-application emission rates/pre-application emission rates). Also, research and development has been done on measures to comply with 2nd stage IMO NOx regulations, such as the development of water emulsion fuel and improvements to the combustion system (supply humidifying and Injection by the Plural Valves), and improvement of the use of SCR as exhaust gas treatment technology for diesel ship engines [4]
