[For further clarification]
I. Those important in abdominal trauma
1. A penetrating wound in the abdominal wall or an injury to the intestinal tract causes peritonitis.
2. Rupture of the liver or spleen, or an injury to a blood vessel causes massive bleeding, resulting in hemorrhagic shock. Careful monitoring of vital signs over time is thus necessary.
3. Presence of hematuria after a bruise on the back or side suggests rupture of the kidney..
II. Determination of the severity of hemorrhagic shock
Rapid pulse, pale and cold skin, occasional cold sweats, and a drop of 30 mmHg or more in blood pressure from normal may be considered an indication of shock.
