2.Modernizatin of Telecommunications in japan

Railway telecommunications are mainly comprised of direct telephones for train operation ,exchanges ,transmission networks ,train radios seat-reservation systems ,and various other systems for railway management.

A rough history of Telecommunications in Japan is as follows:

1872 - Morse-code communication through open-wire lines

1880 - Telephone

1902 - Magnetic telephone exchange

1925 - Step-by-step automatic exchange / Leaden-coverd cable

1928 - Open-wire carrier transmission

1935 - Teleprinter

1954 - SUF network / Plastic cable

1956 - Facsimile (FAX)

1958 - Cross-bar exchange (XB)

1959 - Cable carrier transmission (FDM)

1960 - Train radio / Seat reservation system (MARS-i)

1964 - Passenger infomation system , public telephones for Shinkansen

1973 - Nationwide-toll-dial completed

1974 - Data exchange system (DACS)

1976 - Cable carrier transmission (PCM) / Container infomation system (EPOCS)

1979 - Electronic exchange

1983 - Optical fiber PCM carrier Transmissin / Communication Satellite (CS-2)

1985 - Stored-Program digital exchange

1987 - Privatization of JNR

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