Hypertension

高血圧

Myocardial Infarction −

心筋（myocardium）梗塞

Angina Pectoris −

狭心症

Heart Failure −

心不全

Mitral Stenosis −

僧帽弁狭窄

Arrhythmia −

不整脈

Pericarditis −

心膜炎

Endocardium

心内膜

　

Aortic aneurysm −

大動脈瘤

　

Diastole

収縮期

Systole

拡張期

　

Cardiomyopathy −

心筋症

Cardiogenic Shock

心臓性ショック

　

tachycardia

頻脈

bradycardia

徐脈

fibrillation

線維性収縮

ischemia

虚血

　

congestive heart failure

うっ血性心不全

　

coronary sclerosis

冠状（動脈）硬化

coronary embolism

冠状　塞栓

coronary artery disease

虚血性心疾患

pacemaking sinoatrial node

洞（房）結節

　

Ventricular Septum

心室中隔

　

　

The basic causes of most heart disease result from fatty plaques that form inside arteries. Blood clots can form at the plaques and cut off the flow of blood to an organ, a condition known as ischemia. A buildup of plaques in the coronary arteries is the cause of coronary heart disease - Ischemic heart disease results from insufficient flow of blood to the myocardium and Myocardial Infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, is a condition in where coronary blood flow is cut off at a certain point and cellular death occurs. The cellular death is caused by lactic acid, the product of anaerobic respiration.

　

The time between the onset of ischemia and muscle cell death is about 20 minutes.

　

Myocardial tissue does not regenerate after injury, so the necrotic tissue is replaced by scar tissue that inhibits contractibility. This results in congestive heart failure Left side failure is followed by right side failure.

　

Indicators that a heart attack has occurred include elevated levels of creatine phosphokinase, serum aspartate amino transferase, and lactate dehydrogenase. A reading of these enzymes gives some estimate as to the severity of the damage.

　

Cardiogenic shock is indicated by a drop in systolic blood pressure, vasoconstriction and tachycardia. These maintain arterial pressure in an effort to maintain blood flow to the brain and heart. However, peripheral tissues function under anaerobic conditions and it is the lactic acid produced which causes cellular death.

　

　

Other types of heart disease include infections of the pericardium, endocardium and myocardium. These may be cause by a variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, rickettsiae and viruses or parasites. Endocarditis may be caused by alpha-hemolytic streptococci. Severe endocarditis is caused by Staphylococcus Aureus. Pericarditis is usually caused by Streptococcus.

　

A unique heart disease found in Latin America is called Chagas' Heart Disease, and results from the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (原虫類) (寄生虫). Cardiac involvement includes cardiac arrythymias, ventricular aneurysm, congestive heart failure, and sudden cardiac death.

　

10 to 30 years after the acute phase of infection, which can be successfully treated by benznidazole, half of patients develop megaesophagus, megacolon or cardiac disease.

　

The pathogenesis of cardiac lesions appearing decades after the initial infection is not understood completely. Sensitive histological techniques have found that T.cruzi that is in myocardial tissue results in inflammation and an autoimmune response which involves cd4 lymphocytes, and inflammatory cytokine mediators. However, the causes are but dimly understood.