2.3 Display Technologies:
The development of the high resolution and accurate CRT Monitor makes possible the production of an ideal MMI (Man/Machine Interface) for a Navigational Information Display and especially the Electronic Chart Display. Significant benefits are expected to accrue from this.
2.4 Infrastructure
In addition to the above technologies, IMO adopted the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) performance resolution, IMO A.817(19) and each national hydrographic office has started to provide official electronic chart (ENC) according to the international standard of data exchange and data contents as defined by IMO/IHO, S-52 and S-57 special publications.
Japanese Hydrographic Department had been publishing ENC already and developing more larger scale charts.
Concurrently many accurate positioning system such mentioned above in 2.1 also available. Under those circumstances, the higher level of ship's operation could be realized today.
3. Marine disasters
(OHP-3)
3.1 Number of Disasters
The number of shipping disasters reported in 1996 was 1,504 a slightly decrease of about 0.8% compared with the previous year's data. Of these reported incidents, covering ships of all flags in Japanese Waters and Japanese flag vessels outside Japanese Waters, 943 were attributed to collisions and 203 to grounding.
According to the statistics produced by the Japanese High Marine Accidents Inquiry Agency, the accidents due to collision and grounding accounted for over 76% of the total of 1504 occurrences in 1996. This figures is shown in Fig.3-1
3.2 Cause & Origin
The 943 collision accidents represented 62.7% of the total incidents. Causative factors were attributed as follows:
(OHP-4)
─ 82.7% to Poor navigation watch keeping practice
─ 9.1% to Conning errors
─ 0.4% to Inoperable or malfunctioning equipment
─ 7.7% to Other causes
