INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT TO MITIGATE NON-PHYSICAL BARRIERS
International Conventions: ESCAP Resolution 48/11 and others
・ Accession to international conventions requires necessary modification of domestic legal system. However, it can provide suitable and stable ground for facilitating movement across the border.
Regional/Sub-regional Agreements ASEAN Initiated Agreements and ADB/ESCAP initiated GMS Agreements
・ Regional/sub-regional agreements such as AFTA and GMS can provide a prerequisite for the exchange of traffic rights from economic development viewpoints.
Bilateral Agreements
・ Bilateral agreements can specify actual needs and practical solutions without modification of domestic legal system. It can also apply to an international transport project; e.g. the agreement on traffic facilitation for the Phnom Penh-HCM City Road Project (October 1998).
・ In general, bilateral agreements are flexible but not stable.