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Acoustic Monitoring of Ocean Climate in the Arctic (AMOC).

 

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K. Hasselmann, E. Maier-Reimer, U. Mikolajewicz, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstrasse 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. E-mail: klaus.hasselmann @dkrz.de, maier-reimer@dkrz.de

P. Wadhams and A. Kaletzky, Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1ER, Great Britain. E-mail: pw11@cam.ac.uk.

L. Bobylev, E. Evert, V. Troyan, Nansen International Environmental and remote Sensing Center, Korpusnaya Street 18, 197042 St. Petersburg, Russia. E-mail: nansen@online.ru

K.A. Naugolnykh and I. Esipov, Nonlinear Acoustics Laboratory, N. Andreyev Acoustics Institute, State Research Center, Shvernik str. 4, Moscow 117036, Russia. E-mail: knaugolnykh@etl.noaa.gov, ibesipov@akin.ru

 

ABSTRACT

 

The overall objective of AMOC is to develop and design an acoustic system for long-term monitoring of the ocean temperature and ice thickness in the Arctic Ocean, including the Fram Strait, for climate variability studies and global warming detection. The unique combination of the underwater acoustic remote sensing with satellite remote sensing of the ice cover including modeling and data assimilation, in the predicted sensitive climate region of the Arctic Ocean, is perhaps the key solution to monitor global climate changes and early detection of global warming.

 

INTRODUCTION

 

The perennial ice cover makes conventional ocean monitoring techniques logistically difficult and expensive in the Arctic Ocean. Therefore, a long term monitoring system of oceanographic parameters sensitive to climate change, apart from sea ice monitoring from satellites, has not yet been established. Thus there are no adequate observations for estimating the large scale ocean temperature variability against which the greenhouse gas-induced warming signal has to be detected. Today we have to rely on model estimates, based on poor observational records, for both the global warrning signal and the ambient background "climate noise" (Munk et al., 1992). Despite this, there is growing evidence that the Arctic climate is in the midst of a significant change (Morrison, et al., 1998, Dickson, 1999).

Observations of both the atmosphere and ocean show clear changes in sea level pressure and ocean temperature. Recent results from global climate models indicate that global warming in the next decades will be most pronounced in the Arctic region (Manabe et al., 1991 , Cattle et al.,1995). Furthermore, time dependent greenhouse warming simulations indicate that within the next decade the globai warrning signal should become detectable over the natural variability. This may cause a melting of the sea ice and a warming of the Atlantic Water being advected through the Fram Strait (Semtner, 1987, Johannessen et al., 1995 a, Johannessen et al., 1995 b) and St. Anna Trough. This would increase of the internal temperature of the Arctic Ocean.

Passive microwave satellite data provide the most consistent, reliable means of deriving quantitative information on the global ice cover, such as sea ice extent and ice classification maps. Recently,

 

 

 

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