3.3. "The causes of migration are varied but it seems that the expected higher wage in the urban areas, rather than the actual wage earned, is what attracts the migrants, particularly the young with some education. Most migrants are prepared to move in the probability of finding new employment and once a job is found, the differential in earnings is sufficient to compensate for the unemployment. Yet this cannot be accomplished without a period of extended (and even permanent) unemployment, and hence the presence of dire poverty in housing conditionS... Estimates have been made that one third of the population in Calcutta (population 13 million, including suburbs, in 1992), Manila (9 million in 1992) and Seoul (almost 12 million in 1992) live in slum and squatter settlements. The situation in Bangkok (population 7 million in 1992), Jakarta (10 million in 1992) and Karachi (7 million in 1992) is a little better, with squatter settlements accounting for one-fifth to one-quarter of the population." 12
4.0. Social Stratification
4.1. "Sex, together with age, is one of the two important controls of future growth, and also, incidentally, of social ranking. In countries that are aiming towards economic and social development, the position and proportion of women and youth in society are important because of their influence on the composition of the workforce, their ability to contribute to national prosperity, and their ability to reproduce and so contribute to future population growth. Asian society has nearly always a preponderance of males, owing to the tendency to favor the care of the male babies and children, lower social status of women, their higher mortality rate as a consequence of frequent pregnancies and poor health care...female predominance is usually a feature of developed economies, where standards of health care are generally high. However, the same phenomenon may also occur in countries affected by war.13
11 Reeitsu Kojima, R. "Introduction: Population Migration and Urbanization in Developing Countries." The Developing Economies Vol. XXXIV No.4. Tokyo, Japan. December 1996
12 Williams, p. 6.
13 Williams, p. 5.
