References
1. Bragg, J.R., Prince, R.C., Wilkinson, J.B., and Atlas, R.M.; Bioremediation for Shoreline Cleanup Following the 1989 Alaska Oil Spill, Exxon Company U.S.A., Houston, TX, 1992.
2. Canevari, G.P., Fiocco, R.J., Lessard, R.R., and Fingas, M.; COREXlT 9580 Shoreline Cleaner: Development, Application, and Status, ASTM Symposium on Use of Chemicals in Oil Spill Response, ASTM STP 1262. Philadelphia, PA, 1994.
3. Cutter Information Corp.; International Oil Spill Statistics, 1996, Arlington, MA, 1997.
4. Davidson, A.; In the Wake of the EXXON VALDEZ, Sierra Book Clubs, San Francisco, CA, 1990. Pg, 44.
5. Exxon Research & Engineering Co., Exxon Dispersant Guidelines, R.R. Lessard, ed., Florham Park, NJ, 1994 .
6. Fiocco, R.J. and Lessard. R.R.; Demulsifying Dispersant for an Extended Window of Use, Proceedings of the 1997 International Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4651 , Washington, DC, 1997, pp 1015-1016.
7. George-Ares, A. and Clark, J.R.; Acute Aquatic Toxicity of Three COREXIT Products: An Overview, Proceedings of the 1997 International Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4651, Washington, DC, 1997, pp 1007-1008.
8. Harrison, O.R.; An Overview of the EXXON VALDEZ Oil Spill, Proceedings of the 1991 International Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4529, Washington, DC, 1991 , pp 313-319.
9. Jahns, H.O., Bragg, J.R., and Dash, L.C.; Natural Cleaning of Shorelines Following the EXXON VALDEZ Spill, Proceedings of the 1991 International Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4529. Washington. DC, 1991, pp 167-176.
10. Lewis, A. and Aurand, D.; Putting Dispersants to Work: Overcoming Obstacles, API Publication No.4652A, Washington, DC, 1997.
11. Pezeshki, S.R., DeLaune, R.D., Nyman, J.A., Lessard, R.R., Canevari, G.P.; Removing Oil and Saving Oiled Marsh Grass Using a Shoreline Cleaner, Proceedings from the 1995 International Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4620, Washington, DC, 1995 , pp 203-209.
12. Teal, A.R.; Shoreline Cleanup - Reconnaissance, Evaluation, and Planning Following the VALDEZ Oil Spill, Proceedings of the 1991 International Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4529. Washington. DC, pp 149-152.
13. Teas, H., Lessard, R.R., Canevari, G.P., Brown, C.P., Glenn, R.; Saving Oiled Mangroves Using a New Non-Dispersing Shoreline Cleaner, Proceedings from the 1993 International Oil Spill Conference, API Publication 4580, Washington, DC, pp 147-15.
Discussion
Nerland: What was the reason the government didn't approve the chemical?
Lessard: There were several reasons. The first one is that it did take us a few months to develop, and it became available too late for use in 1989, so we worked through the winter to demonstrate that it should be considered for 1990. A couple of things happened. We spent up to half a million dollars in some of these demonstrations. In some of the tests where we used the chemical, some of the fine mineral I was talking about, which is glacial silt, was also coming off the rocks, and the agencies misinterpreted that as being dispersed oil. We spent a lot of money during the winter demonstrating that that's exactly what it was, the glacial silt, but they still remained opposed on the basis that they thought it was not going to separate the oil the way they wanted.
So the final judgment came-it was a close call, but Admiral Cingaglini made his decision in March of 1990 and I think it was under considerable pressure from the state people who were concerned about whether or not we were putting some of the oil back into the water. So we didn't
