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Phoenix dactylifera L.
English: Date-palm
Arabic:  Family: Palmae
Archaeological finds: RT 5, RT 18, RT 43, RT 49C, RT 56, RT 71D, RT 93, RT 100, RT 102, RT 104, RT 166, RT 204, RT 216, RT 250B, RT 251, RT 254, RT 280, RT 311, RT 326, RT 355, RT 361, RT 381, RT 386, RT 387, RT 388, RT 390, RT 393A, RT 394A, RT 395, RT 396, RT 397, RT 398, RT 399, RT 400C, RT 401, RT 402, RT 403, RT 445A, RT 458, RT 460, RT 461, RT 462, RT 463, RT 464, RT 465, RT 466, RT 471, RT 472, RT 473, RT 474, RT 494, RT 514, RT 520, RT 525A, RT 546, RT 555, RT 557, RT 558, RT 565, RT 575, RT 585, RT 586, RT 594, RT 606, RT 607, RT 608A RT 623, RT 664A, RT 666C, RT 689, RT 713, RT 718, RT 769, RT 826, RT 828, RT 829A, RT 831, RT 832, RT 932, RT 934, RT 995, RT 1019, RT 1047, RT 1049, RT 1071, RT 1072, RT 1225, RT 1229, RT 1230, RT 1231, RT 1233, RT 1234, RT 1242, RT 1284, RT 1285, RT 1286, RT 1287, RT 1343, RT 1344, RT 1345, RT 1347, RT 1348, RT 1351, RT 1353, RT 1355, RT 1384, RT 1460, RT 1466, RT 1467, RT 1468, RT 1470A, RT 1471, RT 1474, RT 1516A, RT 1612A, RT 1616, RT 1620, RT 1621, RT 1663, RT 1683, RT 1782, RT 1802, RT 1806, RT 1857, RT 1860A, RT 1930, RT 1933, RT 1986, RT 2022, RT 2121, RT 2156, RT 2208, RT 2209, RT 2255, RT 2315, RT 2374, RT 2389, RT 2392, RT 2397, RT 2418, RT 2536, RT 2540, RT 2550, RT 2562, RT 2579, RT 2581, RT 2583, RT 2584, RT 2585, RT 2586, RT 2587, RT 2588, RT 2593, RT 2595, RT 2596, RT 2600, RT 2601, RT 2602, RT 2603, RT 2604, RT 2606, RT 2607, RT 2609, RT 2613, RT 2665, RT 2681, RT 2713, RT 2715, RT 2716, RT 2717, RT 2718, RT 2721, RT 2722, RT 2726, RT 2727, RT 2728, RT 2729, RT 2730, RT 2731, RT 2732, RT 2733, RT 2734, RT 2736, RT 2737, RT 2758, RT 2800A, RT 2802, RT 2803, RT 2804, RT 2811, RT 2846, RT 2880, RT 3228, RT 3367, RT 3468, RT 4358, RT 4523, RT 4930, RT 5104, RT 6755 and RT 7745.
Comments:
Evergreen feather-palm growing in desert wadis, the Nile valley, oases and desert plains. The archaeological finds are worked baskets, mats and ropes made of leaf strips, in addition to seeds, trunk and root fragments. The plant grows in Sinai, so the finds are of local origin (pl. 4-5 to 4-7).
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.
English: Reed
Arabic:  Family: Gramineae
Archaeological finds: RT 71 H, RT 1189 and RT 2659.
Comments:
Evergreen reed growing in waste lands and moist wadis. The archaeological finds are culm fragments. The plant grows in Sinai, so the finds are of local origin.
Pinus halepensis Miller.
English: Aleppo-pine
Arabic:  Family: Pinaceac
Archaeological finds: RT 781 and RT 7716.
Comments:
Evergreen tree growing in hills of Europe, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine,
Jordan, Israel and now cultivated in Egypt. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by distinct
growth rings. Xylem are only tracheids, the transitions from early to late wood usually abrupt. Uniseriate
and, rarely, biseriate rays. The archaeological finds are worked wood, perhaps a pot part. The plant is
apparently imported to the  site.
Pistacia khinjuk Stocks
English: East Indian Mastiche
Arabic: bawtam
Family Anacardiaceae
Archaeological finds: RT 27, RT 185, RT 195, RT 300, RT 443, RT 677, RT 889, RT 1080, RT 1278, RT 1367, RT 1378, RT 3425, RT 3427, RT 4684, RT 5301, RT 5514, RT 5605, RT 6301, RT 6350, RT 6385, RT 6627, RT 6659, RT 7126, RT 7657, RT 7766 and RT 7888.
Comments:
Deciduous shrub growing in the Irano-Turanian region. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by distinct growth rings, wood of ring porous with single row of early wood. 1-3-seriate rays of 1-8 cells high in uniseriate rays and 4-30 cells in multiseriate rays. Resin ducts often present in multiseriate rays. The archaeological finds are worked and unworked wood. The plant grows in the Red Sea wadis and in the Elba mountains, so the archaeological finds are of local origin.
Prunus armeniaca L.
English: Apricots
Arabic: mushmush (mishmish)
Family Rosaceac
Archaeological find: RT 606C.
Comments:
Deciduous cultivated fruit tree growing in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and cultivated in Egypt. The archaeological find is a fruit stone. The plant was not grown in Egypt at that time, so the find may have been imported.
Prunus dulicus (Mill.) D. A. Weep
English: Almond
Arabic: lawz
Family: Rosaceae
Archaeological finds: RT 52, RT 629A and RT 7480.
Comments:
Cultivated deciduous fruit tree growing in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Egypt. The plant is still cultivated in Sinai. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by a large number of fibers, narrow vessels, faint growth rings, and ring-porous vessels. As hard wood it is used in the manufacture of decorated furniture. 1-3-seriate rays. The archaeological finds are decorated worked wood and fruit stones. The plant has been cultivated in Sinai since early historic times, so the archaeological finds are of local origin.
Prunus persica L.
English: Peach
Arabic: khawkh
Family: Rosaceae
Archaeological find: RT 2830.
Comments:
Cultivated deciduous fruit tree growing in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Egypt. The archaeological find is a fruit stone. There are no earlier records about the plant cultivation in Sinai, so the archaeological find is of foreign origin.
Punica granatum L.
English: Pomegranate
Arabic:  Family: Punicaceae
Archaeological finds: RT 71B and RT 250C.
Comments:
Cultivated and escaped deciduous fruit tree or shrub growing in desert wadis and oases. The archaeological finds are fruit pericarp and sepals. The plant has been cultivated in Sinai since early historic times, so the archaeological finds are of local origin.
Quercus ithaburensis Decne.
English: Kemes oak
Arabic: ――
Family: Fagaceae
Archaeological find: RT 2554.
Comments:
Deciduous tree growing in the East Mediterranean and the West Irano-Turanean regions. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by fairly distinct growth rings; vessels are ring-porous to semi-ring-porous. Vessels solitary or in pairs. Two ray types, 1-2-seriate and 2-35-seriate. The archaeological find is decorated worked wood. The plant is not grown in Egypt, so the archaeological find is of foreign origin.
Rhus tripartita (Ucria) Grande
English: ――
Arabic:  Family: Anacardiaceae
Archaeological finds: RT 6694 and RT 7128.
Comments:
Deciduous shrub growing in desert rocks in Sinai, Jordan and Israel. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by faint growth rings; vessels are diffuse, solitary or in radial multiples of 2-5 (10). Rays mostly uniseriate. The archaeological finds are worked wood. The plant grows in Sinai, so the archaeological finds are of local origin.
Rosa arabica Crép.
English: Rosa
Arabic:  Family: Rosaceae
Archaeological finds: RT 3037 and RT 5438.
Comments:
Deciduous shrub endemic to Sinai. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by faint growth rings; vessels are diffuse. Numerous mostly distinctly large size rays, 20-50 cells width. The archaeological finds are worked wood. The plant grows in Sinai, so the archaeological finds are of local origin.
Rosa sp.
English: Rosa
Arabic: ward
Family: Rosaceae
Archaeological find: RT 3227.
Comments:
Deciduous shrub. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by faint growth rings, but no other details can be ascertained because of the deterioration of the sample. The archaeological find is worked wood.
Salix sp.
English: Willow
Arabic:  Family: Salicaceae
Archaeological find: RT 2605.
Comments:
Deciduous shrub or tree. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by distinct growth rings; diffuse vessels, solitary or in multiples, but no other recognizable details due to the deterioration of the sample. The archaeological find is worked wood.
Salvadora persica L.
English: Tooth-brush Tree
Arabic:  Family: Salvadoraceae
Archaeological find: RT 5919.
Comments:
Evergreen shrub or tree growing in hot desert wadis and all the phytogeographical regions of Egypt. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by distinct phloem bands in xylem arches and distinct rays. The archaeological find is a tooth brush of local origin.
Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst.
English: Athel-tamarisk
Arabic: athl
Family: Tamaricaceae
Archaeological finds: RT 86, RT 87, RT 177, RT 273, RT 310, RT 413, RT 535, RT 640, RT 662, RT 885, RT 925, RT 1049C, RT 1112, RT 1250, RT 1360, RT 1578, RT 1803, RT 1929, RT 1935, RT 2362, RT 2527, RT 2782, RT 2798, RT 2963, RT 3052, RT 3295, RT 4316, RT 4361, RT 4370, RT 4924, RT 5106, RT 5189, RT 5422, RT 5489, RT 5642, RT 5644, RT 5881, RT 6545, RT 6698, RT 7058, RT 7095, RT 7483 and RT 7597.
Comments:
Evergreen tree or large shrub growing in wadi beds of Sinai and all the phytogeographical regions of Egypt. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by faint to distinct growth rings. Xylem vessels are diffuse to semi-ring-porous. Vessels are mostly solitary. Very clear 5-23-seriate rays, up to 2.5 mm high. The archaeological finds are worked and unworked wood, charcoal and tree branches. The plant still grows in Sinai, so the archaeological finds are of local origin (pl. 4-8 to 4-10).
Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge.
English: Nile-tamarisk
Arabic:  Family: Tamaricaceae
Archaeological finds: RT 329, RT 1079, RT 2617, RT 3426, RT 3547, RT 4811, RT 5051, RT 7080, RT 7145, RT 7518 and RT 8539.
Comments:
Evergreen salt-tolerant tree growing in all the phytogeographical regions of Egypt. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by distinct growth rings. Three 6-10-seriate rays, up to 1 mm high. The archaeological finds are worked and unworked wood, charcoal and tree branches. The plant still grows in Sinai, so the archaeological finds are of local origin.
Tamarix tetragyna Ehrenb.
English: Tamarisk
Arabic: Family: Tamaricaceae
Archaeological finds: RT 467, RT 656, RT 4463, RT 5343 and RT 8538.
Comments:
Evergreen salt-tolerant tree growing in all the phytogeographical regions of Egypt. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by distinct growth rings, the wood ring to semi-ring-porous. Vessels are mostly solitary. 5-12-seriate rays, up to 2 mm high. The archaeological finds are worked and unworked wood, charcoal and tree branches. The plant still grows in Sinai, so the archaeological finds are of local origin.
Triticum durum L.
English: Hard-wheat
Arabic:  Family: Gramineae
Archaeological finds: RT 525B and RT 1620D.
Comments:
Cultivated annual cereal crop. The archaeological finds are grains; the plant may be of local origin.
Vitis vinifera L.
English: Grape
Arabic:  Family: Vitaceae
Archaeological finds: RT 25A, RT 49E, RT 71A, RT 250A, RT 606B and RT 662C.
Comments:
Cultivated fruit shrub. The archaeological finds are seeds, branches and tendrils which indicate a local origin.
Ziziphus lotus (Burm.) Wight & Walk.
English: ――
Arabic: nabq
Family: Rhamnaceae
Archaeological finds: RT 3054, RT 4774, RT 5770 and RT 5812.
Comments:
Deciduous shrub growing in alluvial desert plains in Jordan, Israel, and the western Egyptian desert. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by distinct growth rings. Vessels diffuse, solitary or in radial clusters of 2-4. 1-2-seriate rays, 2-45 cells high. The archaeological finds are worked wood. The plant distribution suggests the possibility of the plant's existence during early times in Sinai, so the archaeological finds may be of local origin.
Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Wild.
English: Christ-thorn
Arabic: nabq
Family: Rhamnaceae
Archaeological finds: RT 185, RT 2500, RT 472B, RT 592, RT 829B, RT 1071B, RT 1094B, RT 1470B, RT 1516B, RT 2691 and RT 6608.
Comments:
Evergreen tree growing in all the phytogeographical regions of Egypt. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by distinct growth rings; vessels diffused solitary or in radial multiples of 2-3. 1-2-seriate rays. The archaeological finds are worked and unworked wood, charcoal, fruit stones and tree branches. The plant still grows in Sinai, so the archaeological finds are of local origin.
Unidentified archaeological wood samples
RT 14, RT 48, RT 101, RT 108, RT 597, RT 603, RT 667, RT 796, RT 780, RT 1000, RT 1579, RT 1673, RT 1750, RT 1932, RT 2945, RT 3140, RT 3254, RT 3229, RT 3407, RT 3555, RT 4068, RT 4521, RT 4813, RT 5078, RT 5662, RT 5750, RT 6148, RT 6175, RT 6293, RT 6551, RT 6686, RT 7059, RT 7063, RT 7078, RT 7184, RT 7569 and RT 7850.
Comments:
These samples are mostly deteriorated wood material due to burning or high salt content, as well as too few sample fragments.
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