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Cannabis sativa L.
English: Common Hemp
Arabic:  Family: Malvaceae
Archaeological finds: RT 103, RT 663, RT 693, RT 1516, RT 1650, RT 2552, RT 2633, RT 2643, RT 2673, RT 2675, RT 2710, RT 2747 and RT 2850.
Comments:
Annual plant still cultivated in the Nile delta, Egypt, for fiber production. All the archaeological finds are fibers, mats and ropes; the finds may be of local origin.
Capparis spinosa L.
English: Common Caper-bush
Arabic:  Family: Capparidaceae
Archaeological finds: RT 1667 and RT 4660.
Comments:
Evergreen shrub growing in desert wadis and oases. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by fairly distinct to faint growth rings. Xylem vessels are rounded to weakly angular. 1-4-seriate rays, with sheath cells. The archaeological finds of worked wood appear to be parts of furniture. The plant still grows in Sinai; the finds are of local origin.
Cedrus libani A. Rich
English: Cedar
Arabic: sidr
Family: Pinaceae
Archaeological finds: RT 1186, RT 5061, RT 6264, RT 6549, RT 7101 and RT 7107.
Comments:
Evergreen tree growing in the mountains of Lebanon, Turkey and Cyprus and now cultivated in Israel. The wood is fine, compact and a dark color. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by distinct growth rings. Xylem vessels are absent, replaced by tracheids. Mostly uniseriate, rarely, biseriate rays; resin ducts absent The archaeological finds of worked wood appear to be parts of furniture and chess-like parts. The plant is of foreign origin (pl. 1-7 to 1-9).
Ceratonia siliqua L.
English: Carob
Arabic:  Family: Caesalpinaceae
Archaeological finds: RT 3109, RT 3214, RT 3983, RT 4626, RT 5188, RT 5893 and RT 8337.
Comments:
Evergreen tree growing in hot moist desert or hot regions in south Egypt. The wood is fine, compact and a dark color. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by distinct to faint growth rings. Xylem vessels are diffused, solitary or in radial multiples of 2-4 (8) cells. 1-4-seriate rays, up to 25 cells high. The archaeological finds are worked wood fragments. They may be imported from the Nile valley region.
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.
English: Colocynth
Arabic:  Family: Cucurbitaceae
Archaeological find: RT 3415.
Comments:
Annual desert creeping plant growing in desert wadis and plains and still growing in Sinai. The find is a fruit pericarp of local origin.
Cocos nucifera L.
English: Coconut
Arabic: jawz al-hind
Family: Palmae
Archaeological finds: RT 100, RT 696, RT 926, RT 3041, RT 3497, RT 3792, RT 4024, RT 4528 and RT 4881.
Comments:
Evergreen fan-palm growing in hot regions of central Africa. The archaeological finds are worked fruit pericarp resembling part of the smoking system called "Goza" The finds may be imported from central Africa (pl. 2-1 & 2).
Commiphora opobalsamum (L.) Engl.
English: ――
Arabic:  Family: Burseraceae
Archaeological finds: RT 2923, RT 5091, RT 5129 and RT 6122.
Comments:
Evergreen shrub growing in hot moist desert wadis and in the Elba mountains, Egypt. The wood is fine, compact and a dark color. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by the absence of growth rings. Xylem vessels are diffused, of 1-4 vessels in radial multiples. 3-12-seriate rays; glands are located in the rays. The archaeological finds are worked wood fragments. The finds may be imported from the Elba mountains region (pl. 2-3 to 2-6, color pl. 4-2 to 4-5).
Corchorus capsularis L.
English: Jute-plant
Arabic:  Family: Tiliaceae
Archaeological finds: RT 250, RT 436, RT 499, RT 504, RT 664, RT 1711, RT 1860, RT 1916, RT 2418, RT 2800 and RT 2809.
Comments:
Cultivated fiber plant not cultivated in Egypt. All the archaeological finds are fibers, mats and ropes, which may be of foreign origin.
Cordia sinensis Lam.
English: ――
Arabic:  Family: Cordiaceae
Archaeological finds: RT 164, RT 193 and RT 1496.
Comments:
Evergreen tree or shrub growing in desert wadis and oases of Egypt. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by distinct growth rings. Xylem vessels are diffused, in radial multiples of 2-3. 3-6-seriate rays, the number of ray cells about 50 in tangential view. The archaeological finds are worked wood fragments. The plant grows in the Elba mountains, so the finds may be imported from that region.
Coriandrum sativum L.
English: Coriander
Arabic: kusbara
Family: Umbelliferae
Archaeological find: RT 445.
Comments:
Annual cultivated vegetable and medicinal plant cultivated in the Nile delta and moist plains. The archaeological find is a fruit of local origin.
Cupressus sempervirens L.
English: Cyprus-tree
Arabic: sarw
Family: Cupressaceae
Archaeological finds: RT 623 and RT 1304.
Comments:
Evergreen tree growing in high altitudes in Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Israel. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by distinct growth rings. Xylem vessels are tracheids, transitions from early to late wood. Uniseriate, rarely, biseriate rays. No resin ducts. The archaeological finds are worked wood, decorated fragments, and parts of pots or furniture. The plant does not grow in Egypt, so the finds may have been imported from a foreign region (pl. 2-7 to 2-9).
Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.
English: ――
Arabic:  Family: Sapindaceae
Archaeological finds: RT 3438 and RT 5751.
Comments:
Evergreen tree growing in high altitudes of moist places and the Elba mountains. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by the absence of growth rings. Xylem vessels are diffused, solitary or in groups, each with small surrounding vessels. 1-3-seriate rays, rarely, biseriate. No resin ducts. The archaeological finds are worked wood. The plant grows in Egypt, so the finds may be of local origin.
Ephedra aphylla Forssk
English: ――
Arabic:  Family: Ephedraceae
Archaeological find: RT 7642.
Comments:
Evergreen shrub growing at high altitudes in moist places in Sinai. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by distinct growth rings. Xylem vessels are diffused. 1-6(9)-senate rays. The archaeological finds are tube-like. The plant grows in Sinai, so the finds may be of local origin.
Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev.
English: White-acacia
Arabic:  Family: Mimosaceac
Archaeological finds: RT 186, RT 231, RT 444, RT 539, RT 807, RT 1513, RT 2949, RT 3782, RT 4588, RT 4728, RT 4748, RT 4769, RT 4928, RT 5149, RT 6019, RT 6084, RT 6090, RT 6749 and RT 7728.
Comments:
Deciduous tree growing in wadi banks and basalt ground. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by the absence of growth rings. Xylem vessels are diffused, rounded, solitary or in groups of 2-5-radial vessels; some vessels with gummy content. 1-2-seriate rays, rarely biseriate. The archaeological finds are worked wood, which may be a manual spinning tool, and needle-like shapes. The plant grows in Egypt, so the finds may be of local origin (pl. 3-1 to 3-3).
Ficus palmata Forssk.
English: Fig
Arabic:  Family: Moraceae
Archaeological finds: RT 27, RT 31, RT 49, RT 159, RT 250, RT 829, RT 1700, RT 2217, RT 2547, RT 2674, RT 2703, RT 2798, RT 3191, RT 3239, RT 3885 and RT 4772.
Comments:
Deciduous wild or cultivated tree growing in desert wadis and near springs. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by distinct growth rings. Xylem vessels are diffused, solitary or in groups of 2-4(7)-radial vessels. 1-4-seriate rays. The archaeological finds are worked and unworked wood. The plant grows in Sinai, so the finds may be of local origin.
Ficus pseudo-sycomorus Decne.
English: Fig
Arabic: jummayz
Family: Moraceae
Archaeological find: RT 1051.
Comments:
Deciduous wild tree growing in desert wadis and near springs. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by faint growth rings. Xylem vessels are diffused, in groups of 2-6(8)-radial vessels. 1-5-seriate rays, up to 80 cells high. The archaeological find is unworked wood. The plant grows in Sinai, so the find may be of local origin.
Ficus sycomorus L.
English: Sycomore-fig
Arabic: jummayz
Family Moraceae
Archaeological finds: RT 3376, RT 3829, RT 3904, RT 4707, RT 5602, RT 5633, RT 5773, RT 6831, RT 7823 and RT 7887.
Comments:
Evergreen tree, or deciduous in cold winter growing in desert wadis and the Nile delta. The wood anatomy of the stem is characterized by the absence of growth rings or very faint ones. Xylem vessels are diffused, in groups of 2-3(6)-radial vessels, or rarely, in clusters. 1-4-seriate rays, up to 14 cells high, and 5-14-seriate, up to 1.4 mm high; lacticifers occasionally observed in rays. The archaeological finds are worked and unworked wood. The plant grows in Sinai, so the finds may be of local origin.
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