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4.20 Ladder (rigid LR, LB - LSA Code 4.3.4.2, 4.4.3.3)
4.20.1 The boarding ladder for a lifeboat shall be capable of being used on either side of the boat to enable persons in the water to board the boat. A boarding ladder for a rigid liferaft is used at any entrance not fitted with a boarding ramp.
4.20.2 The ladder shall be a permanently installed rigid type, or a flexible ladder kept rigged ready for use. A flexible ladder may be kept rigged over the side, so that it is immediately ready for use. The lowest step of the ladder shall be at least 0.4 m below the light waterline of the lifeboat or liferaft. An acceptable configuration for the ladder is as follows:
a) The ladder should have flat steps with handhold openings in them;
b) Each step should have a bare wood surface, or a non-skid surface;
c) The steps of the ladder should be spaced approximately 0.3 m apart; and
d) Each suspension member should be at least 15 mm diameter manila rope, or another material provided it is at least 15 mm in diameter and has a breaking strength of at least 17.6 kN. Synthetic rope should not be used unless it is ultraviolet light resistant, or is pigmented in a dark color.
NOTE |
A short embarkation ladder complying with ISO 5499 is suitable for this purpose. |
NOTE |
Although ladders are not strictly speaking survival equipment, they are included in this International Standard due to their significance in enhancing survival by facilitating boarding of a survival craft. |
4.21 Lighting system (interior) (LR, LB, RB - LSA Code 4.1.3.4, 4.4.7.11)
The interior lighting system of a partially or totally enclosed lifeboat, or a rigid or inflatable liferaft, shall be capable of continuous operation for a period of at least 12 h. It shall be provided with a means to light automatically when a liferaft canopy is erected, and be of sufficient intensity to permit reading of survival and equipment instructions, [when tested in accordance with XXXXX].
NOTE |
Although interior lights are not strictly speaking survival equipment, they are included in this International Standard due to their significance in enhancing survival |
4.22 Mirror, signalling, daylight (LR, LB - LSA Code 4.1.5.1.15, 4.4.8.17)
4.22.1 The signalling mirror shall be of metal, plastic, or glass with a smooth, even, and unpitted reflecting surface.
4.22.1.1 Metal mirrors with a base of corrodible metal shall be plated over the base with copper, and upon that a plating of nickel with a final coating of chromium. Plating shall be done after all stamping, cutting, and grinding is completed.
4.22.1.2 The reflecting area of plastic or glass mirrors shall be by deposition of either aluminium or silver. The rear of the reflecting area and edges shall be adequately protected from corrosion by a durable protective coating. Glass, if used, shall be tempered.
4.22.2 A lanyard shall be securely attached to each mirror by means of a hole. The lanyard shall be approximately 1 m long and in the form of a 0.5 m loop. The dry breaking strength of the lanyard shall be at least 220 N. A wiping cloth to remove finger and hand stains, of twice the area of one mirror, shall be included with the mirror.
4.22.3 The mirror shall have a reflecting area of at least 110 cm2, and shall be rectangular in shape with rounded corners. The mirror shall be flat, and of such thickness that it cannot be easily deformed in use. At the center of the mirror there shall be a sighting means of one of the following types (all dimensions are approximate and provided for illustrative purposes only):
a) Metal mirror type. This type should be made of metal as specified in 4.23.1.1. There shall be a round sighting hole, 4.8 mm in diameter, in the center of the mirror. A concentric depression around the hole of approximately 12.7 mm diameter and approximately 0.8 mm deep may be formed, if desired, in which case the side of the mirror on which the depression is made shall be permanently marked "TOWARD FACE", or similar. This mirror shall have a central mirror area on the back at least 38 mm in diameter, concentric with the sighting hole. This back mirror shall be parallel to the front mirror within 15 minutes of angle. It shall be of sufficient quality to enable a person of normal vision to read newspaper-size lettering with the mirror 100 mm from the eye and the lettering 200 mm from the mirror.
b) Reflex type. This type should be made of glass or plastic as specified in 4.23.1.2. The sighting hole shall be a clear window at least 19 mm square, of such quality that a person of normal vision can see a distant small target through it when using the mirror in heliography. Behind the sighting hole a retrodirective reflector button approximately 16 mm × 25 mm in size shall be mounted to make contact with the clear window along one edge. This button shall be tilted at about 30 degrees from the plane of the mirror so that there shall be a crack between the button and the window approximately 19 mm long and 9.5 mm wide through which the user can observe the signalling target. The red image of the sun formed by the button shall not be more than 2 degrees in diameter from any part of the effective area of the button for any direction of incidence less than 25 degrees from the normal to the face of the button. The seal protecting the rear reflecting surface of the button shall remain watertight when immersed in 150 mm of salt water after the button has been warmed to 65 degrees C and chilled to -30 degrees C for four successive cycles.
c) Cross-in-glass type. This type should be made of glass or plastic as specified in 4.23.1 .2. At the center of the face of the mirror there shall be a sighting area in the form of a cross. This area, on which no metal shall be deposited, shall consist of two lines 1 .2 mm by 12.5 to 25 mm, mutually bisecting at right angles. The optical quality of the sighting area shall be such that a person of normal vision can see a distant small target through it when using the mirror in heliography. This mirror shall have a central mirror area on the back at least 38 mm in diameter, concentric with the sighting area. This back mirror shall be parallel to the front mirror within 15 minutes of angle. It shall be of sufficient quality to enable a person of normal vision to read newspaper-sized lettering with the mirror 100 mm from the eye and the lettering 200 mm from the mirror.
d) Blister type. This type should be made of glass or plastic as specified in 4.23.1.2. In the reflecting area, there shall be a window of approximately 25 mm in diameter. The window shall be covered with a blister securely attached to the back of the mirror. The inside wall of the blister shall be covered, except at the center where a clear space of approximately 6.5 mm in diameter is to be left for use as a viewing hole, with a retrodirective material. This material shall be of such quality that when sunlight strikes the front of the mirror, at any angle less than 65 degrees from the perpendicular, a red or orange colored image of the sun can be seen by a person looking through the viewing hole in the direction the mirror is aimed. The red or orange colored image shall not appear to be more than 2 degrees in diameter. This red or orange image shall be readily visible against the sky as a background.
4.22.3.1 Alternative types not specifically addressed above, but which provide an equivalent level of performance may be accepted as complying with this International Standard.
4.22.4 Each mirror, together with the lanyards and operating instructions as specified in 4.23.5, shall be packed in a single durable watertight container enclosed within an outer durable container. The outside of the outer container shall be plainly marked SIGNALLING MIRROR, and with the name of the manufacturer.
4.22.5 Appropriate instructions for the mirror type shall be printed on waterproof paper in text at least 3 mm high, or permanently affixed to the back of the mirror, and shall include diagrams illustrating the use of the mirror.
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