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MRMD-21A: Deep Ocean Water Utilization
STUDIES ON TECHNOLOGY: THE USE OF RESOURCES AND ENERGY OF DEEP SEA WATER
Haruo Kimura
 
Nippon Steel Corporation Ohtemachi. Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, JAPAN
kimura.haruo@eng.nsc.co.jp
 
For the archipelago of Japan surrounded by sea, using marine resources in an effective manner is a vital subject for its futuristic resources and energy related issues. Dissimilar to surface water, deep (sea) water in particular has characteristics such as stable low-temperature, purity, nutrient richness, etc., and expected to bring about energy conservation and environmental preservation effects as a renewable and circulatory type of energy. What will be the key in this respect is highly efficient energy utilization, optimum use of its stable low-temperature economic advantage and an energy-saving way to use resources which did not exist in the past.
 
Whether or not the system being studied is economically feasible is, generally, dependent on its cost-effectiveness. Energy conservation of an individual system (installation) is expressed by the amount of electric energy (kWh/Y) or crude oil (kl/Y) saved, but the absolute value of the amount of energy saved will differ according to the scale of the installation. Based on figures only, the larger the installation the larger the amount of energy saved. What is being proposed this time as an energy conservation index not dependent on the scale of the installation is an index for relative evaluation of deep-water use efficiency. Energy conservation efficiency is replaced by deep-water use efficiency and relative evaluation is attempted. In other words, deep-water use efficiency is considered an approximate index to determine to what extent deep water contributes towards energy conservation and attempt evaluation from the point of cost-effectiveness.
 
Under this study, it was performed on "Study on power plant steam condenser, etc. application", "Study on gas turbine intake air cooling application", "High efficiency refrigeration system/ low-temperature storage technology study and production/utilization technology study" and "Seawater desalination and salinity/mineral control technology development" in connection with energy conservation and other significant effects of deep water use.
 
MRMD-21A: Deep Ocean Water Utilization
HAITI WAITING FOR ITS DEEP OCEAN WATER SYSTEMS OR "FOUNTAINS OF PARADISE"
Gerard P. Pereira
 
Energies Naturelles (Energinat S.A.) Port-au-Prince, HAITI
gerard.pereira@sympatico.ca
 
The Caribbean Republic of Haiti is a country blessed with cold (4-6℃) deep ocean water (DOW) in close proximity to its entire coast. Indeed, it is the most favored nation in the Caribbean for access to DOW (its most valuable natural energy resource). Because of the trade wind, its coastal regions are, for the most part, dry and barren, so that its topography is characterized by coastal deserts and mountains.
 
The Common Heritage Corporation (CHC), a Hawaii-based American corporation established to promote and market cold deep seawater systems, has been developing economic and enviroumentally sustainable, self-sufficient community habitat systems at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) for more than a decade. A demonstration DOW system with pipelines, pumps and reservoirs to access the cold resource is now in operation which fully demonstrates the economic and environmental sustainability of such systems even for nations that are virtually devoid of capital, trained manpower and terrestrial resources. The systems do depend on the proximity of cold deep ocean water and high solar insolation.
 
Each DOW system has five potential profit centers: (1) generation of electricity and electrical by-products with Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC); (2) residential industrial air conditioning (A/C) and industrial cooling; (3) fresh water production; (4) cold water agriculture (Cold Ag); and (5) marine aquaculture. Two types of DOW systems can be designed to serve many purposes: Type 1 is a CHC basic system to provide an economically and environmentally sustainable habitat on a tropical coastal desert, while Type 2 is a system designed to focus on providing high market value recreational experiences, e.g., hotels, resorts and sports facilities in these tropical coastal desert locations.
 
The Haitian corporation, Energies Naturelles (Energinat S.A.), and CHC have negotiated a joint venture agreement for the purpose of establishing along the coast of Haiti a complete system of five DOW sites linked by sea transportation and submarine fiber optic telecommunications. Each site will be provided with a Type 1 or a Type 2 DOW system or a combination of the two.This paper describes the innovative technologies employed in the two types of DOW systems and how such ocean technologies can create paradise along much of the coastline of Haiti.
 
MRMD-21A: Deep Ocean Water Utilization
WINE GRAPE CULTIVATION UTILIZING DEEP OCEAN WATER IN THE TROPICS
Richard J. Bailey Jr.
 
Common Heritage Corporation Kailua-Kona. Hawaii, USA
richb@commonheritagecorp.com
 
Temperate fruiting crops require a dormancy period prior to next growth phase. High valued wine grapes are commonly grown in regions 20°-50°north and south latitude locales having warm dry summers and mild winters. Deep ocean water (DOW) coldwater agriculture systems technology was applied to Isabella (Vitis labrusca) wine grapes in 1999 at Keahole Point, Hawaii to determine if dormancy can be controlled in temperate plants.
 
Vines were planted in 1.5 m X 12 m lava rock trenches and plumbed with deep ocean water. Vine trenches were filled with a soil-less medium composing of basaltic rock dust, organic compost, trace minerals and 6-10-6 organic fertilizers. The DOW plumbed through the system creates a cool springtime soil temperature condition (9-10℃). Combined cool root zone and high leaf temperature (30-35℃) induces the grape vine into a prolific growth and fruiting stage simultaneously through additional energy gained from the thermal differential gradient that compliments the ADP-ATP photosynthesis cycle. After ninety days, the DOW is turn off, the full grapes under go version and soil temperature simulates autumn conditions. Grapes are harvested 120 days after initiation springtime with DOW, the vines are pruned and the DOW is turned on again for another cycle. The production system has demonstrated the ability to produce three grape crops per year, or a crop ever 120 days consistently. Production yields have been calculated at 10-20,000 lbs/acre/year. Year round grape production potential coupled with industrial cooling applications utilizing DOW in a systematic approach has demonstrated potential.
 
MRMD-21A: Deep Ocean Water Utilization
RECENT INNOVATIONS IN FRESHWATER PRODUCTION USING DEEP OCEAN WATER
John P. Craven and Richard J. Bailey Jr.
 
Common Heritage Corporation Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, USA
johnc@commonheritagecorp.com
richb@commonheritagecorp.com
 
Deep ocean water (DOW) is an abundant, inexpensive and clean resource that can be used as the main artery in developing sustainable coastal communities. An alternative process to Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) freshwater production and reverse osmosis has been developed which utilizes natural physical energy properties such as thermal chimney convection and siphons. These natural properties were incorporated as modification to the "Hurricane Tower" design. DOW can be transported to an elevation of one atmosphere (33 ft./10m) by a siphon where it is plumbed to heat exchangers for condensing moisture from the atmosphere. Atmospheric humidity and generated moisture from solar heated DOW effluent at the base is directed to the top of a tower by convection chimney effect and vortices. Cooled dry exhaust air discharge is ducted downward to aid in the convection of moist air up the chimney and to be utilized for air-conditioning applications.
 
Cost sharing DOW resources in a multi-use and reuse system, freshwater production becomes economically viable, $0.10/1000gal. Additionally, captured cool freshwater can be stored at tower's top tank adding distribution head pressure. The production system's design minimizes scalable constraints since it can be locally positioned as satellite installations reducing transmission infrastructure and pumping costs (i.e., Holland windmills). With no moving parts, external energy requirements or effluent concerns, this system is an economical and environmental sound alternative.







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