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MRMD-4: Coral Reef Resource Management
MARINE PROTECTED AREAS: FROM A FISHERIES MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE
Judith P. Guthertz and Kitty M. Simonds
 
Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
Kitty.Simonds@noaa.gov
 
Marine protected areas (MPAs) or marine reserves are areas of the marine environment that have been set aside to provide protection for part or all of the natural resources therein. MPAs are not a new management tool and area closures have been used for thousands of years by Pacific Islanders to accumulate quantities of nearshore reef and lagoon fish, usually in anticipation of a feast or cultural event. Ray Beverton and Sidney Holt conducted some of the first quantitative analyses of the theoretical effects of area closures in their classic treatise; "On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations," published in 1954. They suggested that area closures would likely have to comprise large fractions of the fishable areas to produce a positive effect on yields. Beverton and Holt also noted that the effectiveness of a closure was also contingent on detailed knowledge of fish movements in relation to the particular area to be closed.
 
Beginning in the early 1990s, MPAs have emerged as a popular fisheries resource management tool in the U.S. and in other coastal nations. Recent comprehensive reviews of the impacts of area closures on adjacent fisheries are equivocal, but on balance there is evidence that well conceived MPAs may produce long-term benefits to fisheries in adjacent areas. However, the processes that contribute to the success of MPAs, such as dispersion out of the reserve into fishable areas, and the effects on overall recruitment are still only poorly understood. Further, the implementation of MPAs is not contingent simply on the biological processes that may enhance fishing, and requires an array of social and economic analyses to gauge the impact of such a management measure. The Western Pacific Council has recently completed a Coral Reef Ecosystem Fisheries Management Plan, which includes a variety of low take and no take MPAs. The development of these MPAs and their expected impacts are described in this paper.
 
MRMD-4: Coral Reef Resource Management
PRODUCTIVE CORAL REEF FISHERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS DESPITE LIMITED INFORMATION
Joshua Sladek Nowlis
 
The Ocean Conservancy San Francisco, California, USA
JSNowlis@oceanconservancyca.org
 
Worldwide, fisheries suffer from the inability of conventional management systems to account for uncertainty. The level of uncertainty for all fisheries is high, but is especially so on coral reefs. Coral reef fisheries are typically characterized by tens to hundreds of species caught simultaneously in areas here at best limited resources are available for management. Fishery scientists have known for decades that highly responsive systems are necessary to address high levels of uncertainty. Yet responsible systems are rarely implemented because of misunderstandings about their performance attributes, a lack of the political will and discipline necessary to act in a highly responsive manner, and especially b/c of a lack of knowledge among managers about the crucial role responsiveness plays in addressing uncertainty.
 
Simulated fishery models will be presented. These models show that highly responsive systems can be designated to achieve a wide range of social criteria while also achieving the conservation goals of sustaining healthy fished populations and the people and ecosystems that rely on them. These results highlight the need for political will and discipline. There are several ways to implement these systems, all of which should include 1) a portion of all fished populations (based on space, effort, or size) set off-limits to fishing and 2) maximum limits set on the capacity to catch fish in any region. Indigenous peoples in Hawaii, California, and elsewhere used systems of this sort successfully for centuries.
 
MRMD-4: Coral Reef Resource Management
IMPACTS OF CORAL REEF DEGRADATION ON EDIBLE REEF FISHERIES IN SRI LANKA
P. A. J. Chintha Perera, Arjan Rajasuriya and W. Dan
 
National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency Colombo, SRI LANKA
Chinthaperera@yahoo.com
 
The principal objective of this paper highlights the findings of a study on the magnitude and nature of impacts of different fishing practices carried out on coral reefs in Sri Lanka. Coral reef environment is the most productive and species rich marine environment, and provides food and shelter for a large number of fish species. In Sri Lanka coral reef associated edible fish and invertebrates are an important part of the diet. The study has identified Snappers (Lutjanidae), Emperor (Lehtrindiae), Parrotfish (Scaridae), and Groupers (Serranidae) as the main resources harvested from coral environment for edible purposes.
 
The findings indicate that fish catches have declined in recent times due to a combined impact of the loss of coral habitats due to the mass bleaching event in 1998, and destructive fishing methods. Further this paper outlines the specific fishing gears that are operated to catch coral associated fish species. Bottom set gill nets and the bottoms set trammel nets are suggested to be the most destructive fishing gears used for fishing on coral reefs. These harmful, rather recently developed, fishing gears have contributed to increased conflicts among fishermen. Some of these fishing gears are banned under the fishing act of 1996. Hook and line fishing method is identified as the most suitable fishing gear to catch coral reef associated fish. This paper discusses the impact of reef degradation on the coral associate fishery production and appropriate fishing techniques that can be used for sustainable fishery.







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