1 E.g., Professor Edgar Gold, oral communication.

2 UNCTAD. Review of Maritime Transport 2000. p. x.

3 Ibid.

4 Cf., for example, Articles 217(4) and 218(1).

5 For all the foregoing, see APort State Control - an update on IMO=s work (2000) by Dr. Heike Hoppe, Technical Officer, Maritime Safety Division, IMO, http://www.imo.org/inforisource/mainframe.asp?topic_id=406&doc_id=1079

6 Awni Behnam, AThe Liner Conference System - the UN Code of Conduct and the Review Conference. Presented at the IOI Training Programme at Dalhousie University, 6 June - 12 August 1994.

7 Cf. Richard Shaw. The international convention on arrest of ships 1999. http://www.bmla.org.uk/annual_report_1998/international_convention_on_arre.htm

8 Cf. http://www.jurisint.org/pub/01/en/doc/230_2.htm

9 Cf. http://www1.oecd.org/dsti/sti/transpor/sea/act/protocols.htm

10 ibid; cf. also UNCTAD. Multimodal Transport: Short Introduction. http://www.unctad.org/en/subsites/multimod/mt2brf0.htm

11 Europe and North Atlantic (Paris MOU; Asia and the Pacific (Tokyo MOU); Latin America (Acuerdo de Vina del Mar); Caribbean (Caribbean MOU); West and Central Africa (Abuja MOU); Black Sea Region (Black Sea MOU); Mediterranean (Mediterranean MOU); Indian Ocean (Indian Ocean MOU).

12 Taken from Annex 1 of: Tokyo MOU Secretariat. Annual Report on Port State Control in the Asia-Pacific Region 1999, hereinafter referred to as Annual Report 1999, 9-10. <http://www.iijnet.or.jp/tokyomou/annrep.htm> (21 February 2001).

13 IMO and the application, compliance with and enforcement of safety regulations in the APEC Region, http://www.imo.org.inforesource/mainframe.asp?topic_id=82&doc_id=718, 30/09/01.

14 Taken from Figure 1 and Annex 2 of the Annual Report 1999.

15 IOI Discussion Paper, presented at UNICPOLOS II, New York, 2001 and reprinted : Mann Borgese, Elisabeth, Francois Bailet. "Technology Cooperation and Transfer, Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea: A Discussion Paper for UNICPOLOS II" (ed) E. Mann Borgese, A. Chircop and M. McConnell. Ocean Yearbook, Volume 17, (in press). 36 p.

16 London: Pluto Press. 1999. 211 p.

17 Ibid, p. 31.

18 International Chamber of Commerce - Commercial Crime Services. Piracy Attacks Rise to Alarming New Levels, ICC Report Reveals. London, February 1, 2001. http://www.iccwbo.org/ccs/news_archives/2001/piracy_report.asp

19 UNICPOLOS II. A Discussion Paper Compiled by the International Ocean Institute. Halifax, IOI, Dalhousie University, 2001.

20 ICC-IMB 2000 Annual Report: Piracy and Armed Robery against Ships. http://www.iccwbo.org/ccs/menu_imb_piracy.asp

21 Mann Borgese, Elisabeth, Francois Bailet. "Technology Cooperation and Transfer, Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea: A Discussion Paper for UNICPOLOS II" (ed) E. Mann Borgese, A. Chircop and M. McConnell. Ocean Yearbook, Volume 17, (in press). 36 p.

22 Cf. http://www.iccwbo.org/ccs/imb_piracy/maps/2000/asia2000.asp

23 AGlobalization undoubtedly, is here to stay. The only question is: What kind of globalization? Must it necessarily be the market-driven form that makes the rich richer and the poor poorer? Can countervailing forces be mobilized, that could make it more community-centres, more equitable, more democratic, more peaceful?

24 AIMO and the application, compliance with and enforcement of safety regulations in the APEC Region. Loc.cit.

25 IMO.MSC/circ. 623, Rev.1, June 1999.

26 Manila, Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta, 1998; Brazilia, 1998; Singapore, 1999, 2001, Mumbai, 2000.

27 International Ocean Institute. Draft notes on the formation and mandate of a Regional Mediterranean Coast Guard for the implementation of the Barcelona Convention System. January 2001; Cf. also Glen J. Herbert and Timothy M Shaw, ?Oceans Governance and Human Security Towards the End of the Century: Regional Approaches,? in Chircop, Gerolymatos, and Iatrides, The Aegean Sea after The Cold War, International Political Economy Series, Macmillan Distribution Ltd. UK, 2000.

28 Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development - Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. June 1992. A/CONF.151/26 (Vol. 1). http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-1annex1.htm

29 TOVALOP (Tanker Owners Voluntary Agreement concerning Liability for Oil Pollution) and CRISTAL (Contract Regarding a Supplement to Tanker Liability for Oil Pollution). Cf. North of England. Circular 27: TOVALOP. http://www.nepia.com/Circulars/SelectedCirculars/dec96-tovalop.htm as well as Hideo Osuga (Legal Officer, International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund). International Conventions on Liability and Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage. PAJ OIL SPILL SYMPOSIUM, 1996. Tokyo, 4 March 1996. http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:vhN0BuQgFCA:www.pcs.gr.jp/doc/esymposium/12170/96_hideo_osuga_e.pdf+TOVALOP&hl=en