1 Beckman, Robert C., Grundy-Warr, Carl, and Forbes, Vivian L. “Acts of Piracy in The Malacca and Singapore Straits” Maritime Briefing, Vol. 1, No. 4, International Boundaries Research Unit, University of Durham, UK, 1004, pp. 5-6. (Hereafter, IBRU Maritime Briefing 1994).
2 ICC International Maritime Bureau, Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships, Annual Report, 1 January -31 December 2000, January 2001. (Hereafter, IMB Annual Piracy Report 2000.)
3 IBRU Maritime Briefing 1994, p. 6.
4 IBRU Maritime Briefing, pp. 10-11; Far Eastern Economic Review, July 16, 1994, p. 28.
5 Far Eastern Economic Review, Asia 1995 Yearbook, pp. 62-63.
6 See “China's New Law of the Sea,” cover story in Far Eastern Economic Review, June 16, 1996, pp. 22-28.
7 See IMB Piracy Reporting Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Piracy Annual Report (1 January-31 December 1996.)
8 See IMB Annual Piracy Report 1999 and “Piracy in South-East Asia,” IISS Strategic Comments, 5 June 2000 and Agustin, C.L, “Piracy and International Police Action,” Maritime Review, March-April 2000, Manila, Philippines, pp. 14-15, and Dillon, Dana R., “Piracy in Asia, A Growing Barrier to Maritime Trade,” the Heritage Foundation, Backgrounder No. 1379, June 22, 2000.
9 Data below extracted from IMB Annual Piracy Report 2000; for a vivid account of piracy violence, see Jack Hitt's “Dangerous Waters, ”The New York Times Magazine, August 20, 2000.
10 IBRU Maritime Briefing 1994, p. 18.
11 “Proposals for Building Confidence in the South China Sea: A Summary”, prepared ;by the South China Sea Working Group, the University of British Columbia, for the Fifth Workshop on Managing Potential Conflicts in the South China Sea, October 1994.
12 “The Third Workshop on Managing Potential Conflicts in the South China Sea,” Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 29 June - 2 July 1992, p. 11.
13 “Draft Statement of the First Meeting of the Group of Experts on Search and Rescue and Illegal Acts at Sea in the south China Sea”, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, June 231-25, 1999.
14 The author is grateful to the Japanese Representative to CSCAP's Maritime Cooperation Working Group for providing both these documents.
15 “The New Wave in Piracy,” STRATFOR.COM, 0010GMT, 001123 and IMB Annual Piracy Report 2000, p. 17.
16 “Guidelines for Regional Maritime Cooperation,” CSCAP Memorandum No. 4, September 1998.
17 “CSCAP Memorandum No. 5, Cooperation for Law and Order at Sea,” December 20, 2000, Draft, p. 13.
18 “India Calls for Joint Action on Asia Sea Piracy,” Times of India, Feb 16, 2001, and “Navies of the World Should Unite: Navy Chief,” Times of India, Feb 19, 2001.
19 See “The Tokyo Appeal for Ocean-Peacekeeping, ” October 28, 1997; Admiral Sumihiko Kawamura, “Pirates of the 21st Century, Japan's Role in Keeping Ocean Peace”, (Private Paper); and “Foot in the Water, ”Far Eastern Economic Review, March 9, 2000; “Japan's Naval Power,” IISS Strategic Comments, Vol. 6, Issue 8, October 2000; the Okazaki Institute website; “Piracy in Southeast Asia,” IISS Strategic Comments, Vol. 6, Issue 5, June 2000; and “Japan's Offer of Joint Patrols to Battle Asian Piracy Rejected,” Japan Times, 15 November 2000, p. 2.
20 IMB Annual Piracy Report 2000, p. 18.
21 International Maritime Organization, Maritime Safety Committee - 71st Session, 19-20 May 1999, Piracy - Background Information; IMO FAX061999; “Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships: Guidance to Shipowners and Ship Operators,” MSC/Circ. 623/Rev. 1, June 16, 1999; “Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships; Recommendations to Governments,” MSC/Circ 622, Rev. 1, June 16, 1999.
22 “The Perils of Rising Piracy,” Jane's Defence Weekly, November 15, 2000, p. 19.
24 Draft CSCAP Memorandum No. 5, p. 14.
25 “China Faces Uphill Battle Against Drugs,“ Agence France Presse, February 6, 2001, and “Thai Navy Seizes Narcotics Valued at US$23 Million”, AP, January 8, 2001.
26 “US Urges Joint Efforts to Curb Insurgencies,” The Straits Times, Singapore, January 16, 2001.
27 Draft CSCAP Memorandum No. 5, p. 13.
28 ICTA 2001, Chapter I, p. 8. The following data is also from this report, pp. 6-11.
29 “More Illegals Seen Using Planes to Australia,” Reuters, December 25, 2000; “Malaysian Navy Fires on Trawler, 1 Killed,” Times of India, February 5, 2001; “Malaysian Navy Intercepts Illegal Filipino Entrants,” Times of India, February 26, 2001; See also “The Body Trade; Far Eastern Economic Review, October 26, 2000, pp. 100-104.
30 Draft CSCAP Memorandum No. 5, pp. 14-15.
31 There are a number of nuances in interpretation of the restrictions of the Posse Comitatus Act. Domestically, National Guard units, when under the normal control of State governors and not federalized, can and have been used for law enforcement duties. Internationally, the US Department of Defense and US courts have legally maintained that the restrictions of this Act do not apply outside of US territory-but the DoD has traditionally observed such restrictions even outside US territory, except when specific exceptions are approved by the Secretary or Deputy Secretary of Defense under DoD Directive 5525.5. Unpublished paper by Maj. Jeff Colwell, USMC, pp. 4-5.
32 VADM Thomas Fargo, U.S. Navy, and RADM Ernest Riutta, U.S. Coast Guard, “A National Fleet for America,” U.S. Naval Institute, Proceedings, April 1999, pp. 45-51.
33 See GAO/T-RCED-00-116, U.S. General Accounting Office; “Coast Guard: Strategies for Procuring New ships, Aircraft and other Assets”, Testimony of John H. Anderson, Jr., to Sub Committee on Transportation, Committee on Appropriations, US House of Representatives, March 16, 1999; Admiral James M. Loy, “The Coast Guard in the 21st Century,” Joint Forces Quarterly, NDU, Spring 1998, pp. 9-16.
34 GAO/RCED-97-110, US General Accounting Office, Coast Guard: Challenges for Addressing Budget Constraints, May 1997, p. 15.
35 “USCG's Urgent Need for Deepwater Replacements,” Sea Power, April 1998, pp. 82-86.
36 Cdr Lou Orsini, U.S. Coast Guard, Coast Guard Law Enforcement Briefing, October 18, 1999.
37 Canty, Rachel, “Limits of Coast Guard Authority to Board Foreign Flag Vessels on the High Seas,” Tulane Maritime Law Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1, Winter, 1998, pp. 123-137.
38 Statement of the Secretary of the Navy and the Chief of Naval Operations to the Interagency Task Force on the Roles and Missions of the US Coast Guard, in SECNAV letter to Deputy Secretary of Transportation, October 12, 1999.
39 Colwell
40 Fargo and Riutta, p. 49.
41 Memorandum dated October 18, 1999, to author from Cdr. Lou Orsini, U.S. Coast Guard
42 Loy, p. 12.
43 U.S. Coast Guard, “Coast Guard Contributions to National Security,” undated Coast Guard briefing.
44 Truver, Scott C., “A Navy-Coast Guard Renaissance?,” Armed Forces Journal International, November 1999, pp. 30-36; Loy, pp. 12-13.
45 “Coast Guard Contributions to National Security”
46 Statement of the Secretary of the Navy and the Chief of Naval Operations to The Interagency Task Force on the Roles and Missions of the US Coast Guard
47 George, Trevor, p. 34. For discussion of the roles and missions debate, see Holzer, Robert, “US Navy, Coast Guard Spar Over Deepwater”, Defense News. August 23, 1999, p. 3 and “Troubled Waters: Turf Battle Brewing” in Jane's Defense Weekly, March 24, 1999, pp. 23-25.
48 Fargo and Riutta, p. 49.
49 “Navy, Coast Guard Sign Joint Policy on National Fleet,” Inside the Navy, September 18, 1998, pp. 4-5.
50 Loy, p. 10; Bender, Bryan, “GAO Bears Down on Deepwater Plan,” Jane's Defence Weekly, November 11, 1998, p. 8; Holzer, Robert, “US Navy Seeks Closer Ties with Coast Guard Operations,” Defense News, November 1, 1999, p. 26.
