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MARITIME LAW ENFORCEMENT -- THE UNITED STATES NAVY/COAST GUARD EXPERIENCE
Background
The United States has a particular system of maritime law enforcement, based on a unique and close relationship throughout over two hundred years of US history between the US Navy and the fifth Armed Service, the US Coast Guard. Due to the Posse Comitatus Act, passed by Congress in the period after the US Civil War to prohibit the other federal Armed Services from being used as civilian law enforcement officers, the US Coast Guard is the only US Armed Service with law enforcement authority.31 Notwithstanding these formal restrictions, there is a close history of cooperation in maritime law enforcement, and in other missions between, the US Navy and the US Coast Guard. In peacetime, the US Coast Guard is part of the civilian Department of Transportation, but the Coast Guard and its historic predecessors, starting with the 1790 Revenue Marine (which served with the US Navy during the Quasi-War with France after 1797), have actively participated in every major US war, and in the two World Wars the Coast Guard was transferred to the Department of the Navy.32 In more recent major conflicts, US Coast Guard units served in coastal interdiction and maritime operations in Korea and Vietnam, and in port security and maritime interdiction operations in the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and off former Yugoslavia. The U.S. Navy's support for the US Coast Guard lead role in maritime law enforcement has grown in recent years, at the same time as there has been greater US Coast Guard support for traditional naval international missions. The recent commitment of these two US maritime services to a “National Fleet” reflects, and will further advance, increasing mutual support of both services.








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