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The United States and Japan Advancing Toward a Mature Partnership (The Armitage Report)
POLICY BACKGROUND MATERIALS
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
The Armitage Report is the result of election-year discussions among a select group of Japan policy professionals over the spring and summer of 2000. This group proposed to outline a new and effective strategy for managing the US-Japan security relationship. The main objective was to upgrade US-Japan relations with a new set of parameters. The study group formed by Mr. Richard Armitage, then a security and investment consultant for both American and Japanese interests, wanted to articulate an Asia-centric defense policy for the United States and to counter doubts that the US would withdraw from the region. As events have evolved since the election of President George W. Bush through the end of October 2001, this Report has helped chart US policy toward Japan.
This bibliography introduces you to the better-known people and groups involved in discussions of US Asia security policy. All have influenced the intellectual atmosphere surrounding the Armitage Report. The Armitage study group participants formed a select group of insiders with substantive, personal ties and experience with Japan. Nearly all the participants interviewed strongly rejected suggestions that there was a body of literature that shaped their thinking. Most found real-time information summarized by The Oriental Economist or The Daily Japan Digest to be their best reference. The study group saw their mission to formulate a new perspective on Japan based on each participant's personal experience and knowledge.
Japanese security literature and Japanese research organizations were also important influences on the Armitage Report. Japanese reevaluation of the US-Japan security relationship can be traced to the "Nixon Shocks" of the early 1970s with fuller discussions of the issue emerging in the 1980s. Replacing the rocky economic alliance with a focus on stronger, albeit limited security alliance appears early as a theme among Japan's foreign policy professionals. It is unclear how Japanese policy evolution affected or was affected by US security interests. Greater examination and analysis of Japanese security literature is needed.
In both Japan and the United States, the study group report is a popular format for providing policy-relevant analysis on Asia. Most participants are senior policy professionals. The study group reports are summaries of the discussions. On occasion, original research papers are commissioned for discussion.
THE REPORT
The United States and Japan:Advancing Toward a Mature Partnership［The Armitage Report, The Nye-Armitage Report]. Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, October 11, 2000,7 pages.
http://www.ndu.edu/ndu/SR_JAPAN.HTM
Participants: Richard L. Armitage, Dan E. Bob, Kurt M. Campbell, Michael J. Green, Kent M. Harrington, Frank Jannuzi, James A. Kelly, Edward J. Lincoln, Robert A. Manning, Kevin G. Nealer, Joseph S. Nye, Torkel Patterson, James J. Przystup, Robin H. Sakoda, Barbara P. Wanner, Paul D. Wolfowitz.
Timed to coincide with the 2000 US presidential election. One of several studies released in 2000 to highlight the views and expertise of potential Japan advisers for a new administration. The report has neither footnotes nor a bibliography. Mr. Armitage, the report's convener and currently Deputy Secretary of State, is a fan of biographies of President Teddy Roosevelt and General George Patton.
Most participants received Bush Administration appointments with the exception of: Dan E. Bob, Kurt M. Campbell, Kent M. Harrington, Frank Jannuzi, Edward Lincoln, Kevin G. Nealer, Joseph S. Nye, James J. Przystup. Robin H. Sakoda, and Barbara P. Wanner.
BLUEPRINT
"A Comprehensive Approach to North Korea," Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) at the National Defense University, Strategic Forum, no. 159, March 1999, 8 pages.
http://www.ndu.edu/inss/strforum/forum159.html Participants: Richard L. Armitage. Johannes A. Binnendijk, Peter T. R. Brookes, Carl W. Ford, Kent M. Harrington, Frank S. Jannuzi, Robert A. Manning, RADM Michael A. McDevitt, USN (Ret.), James J. Przystup, GEN Robert W. RisCassi, USA (Ret.), Paul D. Wolfowitz
The recognition this report received in Republican foreign policy circles led its principals Richard Armitage and James Przystup to consider a similar format for one on Japan.
FIRST REEVALUATION OF US-JAPAN SECURITY RELATIONS
Mochizuki, Mike. "Japan's Search for Strategy," International Security Vol. 8, No. 3, Winter 1983/84, 152-179.
A very well-received first analysis of changes in Japanese security doctrine. The author, now a professor at George Washington University, found that the "Yoshida Doctrine" of relying on the US alliance for defense was beginning to be questioned in the early 1980s. His work on this new thinking, termed "military realism, " led the way for Americans to consider expanding areas of military cooperation with Japan.
FIRST ARTICULATION OF ARMITAGE REPORT CONCLUSION
Patterson, Torkel. "Future Roles and Missions of Japan's Self Defense Forces," in Cossa, Ralph A., ed. Restructuring the US-Japan Alliance: Toward a More Equal Partnership. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) Press, 1997, pp. 128-38.
"I believe that all roles and missions except the last [for Japan becoming a global military superpower], are both acceptable and achievable for Japan. These missions and roles should not be limited by artificial geographic boundaries, and they should certainly include operations in the Middle East. In order to maintain regional stability, interdependence with the United States, and greater operation latitude, Japan's force structure should continue to be interoperable and complementary to the US military. Restrictive interpretations relating to collective security and, especially, collective self-defense are anachronistic in the post-Cold War era, weaken Japan's moral and political authority in the international community, and should be revised."
This paper was prepared for discussion at of the many pacific Forum Conferences. Mr. Patterson, a former naval officer, is the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, Asia or head of the Asia Office at the National Security Council in the Bush Administration.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Reviews prominent literature on US-Japan security relations published from 1992 to 1996. Some discussion of the Japanese literature.
